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1.
及时掌握水稻的时空分布信息,对调整和优化农业生产结构至关重要。论文利用综合考虑植被物候和地表水变化的水稻自动制图方法,结合海拔、地表水体因素开展2001—2017年东北地区水稻分布的时空演变研究。通过889个地面调研点位对水稻分类结果验证,总体精度达90.66%,Kappa系数为0.8128。研究表明:① 21世纪初,东北地区水稻种植面积呈先略减后持续增加的趋势,2017年水稻种植面积达2001年的2.13倍。其中,水稻扩张面积的60%分布在三江平原,30%分布在松嫩平原,下辽河平原仅占不足5%。水稻扩张的海拔优势区间在200 m范围内,随着海拔的上升水稻扩张与地表水关系越来越密切。② 三江平原内,水稻扩张幅度在海拔30~70 m范围内逐渐增加,使优势区间从相对高度70 m缩减至40 m内,也使得分布优势逐渐趋向于距地表水体较远的区域。而松嫩平原和下辽河平原水稻种植分布的海拔优势区间始终分别保持在相对高度100 m、40 m内。③ 三江平原水稻的集中分布和急剧扩张,使水稻分布优势逐渐趋向于距地表水体远的区域,这将对地下水带来更大的压力;而松嫩平原水稻分布受地表水体影响较大,分布优势随着距地表水体距离的增加而减小。研究可为农业部门评估水资源承载力、保障农业可持续发展提供数据支撑及理论参考。  相似文献   
2.
The emergence of high-resolution land cover data has created the opportunity to assess the accuracy of impervious cover (IC) provided by the National Land Cover Database (NLCD). We assessed the accuracy of the 900 m2 NLCD2011 %IC for 18 metropolitan areas throughout the conterminous United States using reference data from 1 m2 land cover data developed as part of the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s EnviroAtlas project. Agreement was assessed from two perspectives: 1) sensitivity to the size of the assessment unit used for the comparison, and 2) utility of NLCD %IC to serve as a proxy for high-resolution IC. The former perspective was considered because statistical relationships can be sensitive to assessment unit size and shape, and the latter perspective was considered because high resolution (reference) %IC data are not available nationwide. The utility of NLCD %IC as a proxy for the high resolution data was assessed for seven lattice (square) cell sizes ranging from 1 ha to 200 ha using four EnviroAtlas IC indicators: 1) %IC per 100 ha (1 km2); 2) %IC by Census block group; 3) %IC within a 15 m (radius) of the riparian zone, and; 4) %IC within a 50 m (radius) of the riparian zone. Agreement was quantified as per assessment unit deviation (NLCD %IC – reference %IC) and summarized as Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and Mean Deviation (MD) both within and across the 18 metropolitan areas. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression (y = reference %IC and x = NLCD %IC) was also used to evaluate the quality of the NLCD %IC data. MAD was ≤ 5% for six of the seven lattice cell sizes. MAD was also ≤ 5% for Census block groups > 100 ha and for both riparian units. These results suggest that uncertainty attributable to the measurement of %IC was no greater than the uncertainty related to the effect of IC on aquatic resources that have been derived from studies of aquatic condition (e.g., benthic fauna) over a range of %IC. Overall, agreement was variable from one metropolitan area to the next. Agreement improved as assessment unit size increased and declined as the level of urbanization (NLCD %IC) increased. NLCD %IC tended to underestimate reference %IC overall, but NLCD %IC was sometimes greater than reference %IC in urbanized settings.  相似文献   
3.
Magnetic reconnection (MR) is one of the most important physical processes for many dynamical phenomena in the universe. Magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulation is an effective way to study the MR process and the physical pictures related to the MR. With different parameter setups, we investigate the influences of the Magnetic Reynolds number and spatial resolution on the reconnection rate, numerical dissipation, and energy spectrum distribution in the MHD simulation. We have found that the magnetic Reynolds number Rm has definite impact on the reconnection rate and energy spectrum distribution. The characteristic time for entering into the non-linear phase will be earlier as the Reynolds number increases. When it comes to the tearing phase, the reconnection rate will increase rapidly. On the other hand, the magnetic Reynolds number affects significantly the Kolmogorov microscopic scale lko, which becomes smaller as Rm increases. An extra dissipation is defined as the combined effect of the numerical diffusion and turbulence dissipation. It is shown that the extra dissipation is dominated by the numerical diffusion before the tearing mode instability takes place. After the instability develops, the extra dissipation rises vastly, which indicates that turbulence caused by the instability can enhance the diffusion obviously. Furthermore, the energy spectrum analysis indicates that lko of the large-scale current sheet may appear at a macroscopic MHD scale very possibly.  相似文献   
4.
稻壳灰与土体混合应用,一方面废弃资源再利用,环保,又可增强土体强度。通过三轴试验,研究不同比例稻壳灰混合黏土及其加筋土应力?应变性能、强度特性以及不同应变水平下模量、偏应力及加筋强度比等土体变化特征。试验结果表明,随稻壳灰比例增加,混合土最大干密度显著减小,最优含水率显著增加。添加不同比例稻壳灰对加筋土抗剪强度有较大影响,10%~15%稻壳灰比例下,加筋稻壳灰混合土初始切线模量和应力峰值达到最大,抗剪强度较优。与土工织物加筋稻壳灰混合土相比,土工格栅加筋稻壳灰混合土偏应力及抗剪强度更大,土工格栅层数对土体抗剪强度增大效果更明显,对应的应力?应变曲线拐点也更突出。试样弹性模量与稻壳灰比例及筋材种类、层数有关,加入稻壳灰后,土体弹性模量增长显著,土工格栅加筋稻壳灰混合土较优比例下可增加1.5倍多,稻壳灰及筋材均能有效提高土体强度。随加筋层数增加,稻壳灰混合土加筋强度比明显增大,与围压关系较小。  相似文献   
5.
Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the major water exchange processes between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. ET is a combined process of evaporation from open water bodies, bare soil and plant surfaces, and transpiration from vegetation. Remote sensing-based ET models have been developed to estimate spatially distributed ET over large regions, however, many of them reportedly underestimate ET over semi-arid regions (Jamshidi et al., Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2019, 20, 947–964). In this work, we show that underestimation of ET can occur due to the open water evaporation from flooded rice paddies ignored in the existing ET models. To address the gap in ET estimation, we have developed a novel approach that accounts for the missing ET component over flooded rice paddies. Our method improved ET estimates by a modified Penman-Monteith algorithm that considered the fraction of open water evaporation from flooded rice paddies. Daily ET was calculated using ground based meteorological data and the MODIS satellite data over the Krishna River Basin. Seasonal and annual ET values over the Krishna Basin were compared with two different ET algorithms. ET estimates from these two models were also compared for different crop combinations. Results were validated with flux tower-based measurements from other studies. We have identified a 17 mm/year difference in average annual ET over the Krishna River Basin with this new ET algorithm. This is very critical in basin scale water balance analysis and water productivity studies.  相似文献   
6.
This paper examines the spatial characteristics of farmer/household behaviors in regional rice cropping systems (RCS), and the results provide necessary information for developing strategies that will maintain regional food security. Through field study and statistical analysis based on 402 households questionnaires finished in 2014-2015 in the Poyang Lake Region (PLR) of China, we arrived at two main conclusions. First, single- and double cropping rice were found across the study area, but showed a general distribution trend, with double cropping rice in the southeast part (especially in Jinxian county) and single cropping rice in the northwest (particularly in De’an county). Second, the household decisions concerning RCS varied in different parts of the PLR, but double cropping was the dominant type, with about 63.57% of the respondent households in the PLR cultivating double cropping rice. However, the multiple-cropping index of paddy rice was only 1.55. About 3% of interviewed households had altered their RCS during this period. Based on these findings, the local governments should guide farmers’ paddy field cultivation behaviors by increasing the comparative efficiency of rice production, promoting appropriate scale operations and land conversion, as well as optimizing rice growing conditions to improve the multiple cropping index and enhance food provision. Finally, land-use efficiency and more sustainable use of land resources should be improved.  相似文献   
7.
建立滇西北地区三维有限元地质模型,将2009~2016年GPS速度场数据作为数值模拟的位移边界条件,模拟获取该地区的构造应力场。结果表明,在楚雄至滇西北地区整体显示张性应力区;出现由“洱源鹤庆断裂-红河断裂-程海断裂”圈起的低值张性区,区域内部张性应力明显低于外部,这种张应力低值区尤其在区域四周断裂边界处,往往是地壳断裂活动的频发区;曲江断裂北端及元谋-绿汁江断裂南端出现张性应力集中区,是今后重点关注的断裂结点。  相似文献   
8.
随着我国对生态文明建设的重视,自然资源综合调查势在必行,对生物标准物质亦提出了新的需求。当前相关调研工作已经大面积开展,自然资源综合调查、农产品与食品安全评价都需要对生物样品元素组成进行准确测试,需要以生物标准物质作为生物成分测试量值比对和溯源的基础,因此对生物基体标准物质的需求量大幅增加。大米作为主要粮食之一,其食品安全日益受到重视,对大米中的化学成分进行准确的分析测试具有重要的现实意义,因而对大米标准物质的需求量尤为突出,但目前大米成分分析标准物质已供不应求。本文严格按照《标准物质定值的通用原则及统计学原理》(JJF 1343—2012)和《地质分析标准物质的研制》(JJF 1646—2017)等相关规范要求,开展了GBW10010a大米成分分析标准物质的复(研)制工作,包括样品采集、加工制备、均匀性检验、稳定性检验、多家实验室协作定值测试及不确定度评定等关键环节。结果表明:本次复(研)制的大米标准物质定值成分多样、量值准确可靠,符合国家一级标准物质的要求。GBW10010a共定值54项主微量元素,包括Ag、Al、As、B、Ba、Be、Bi、Ca、Cd、Ce、Co、Cr、Cs、Cu、Dy、Er、Eu、Fe、Gd、Ge、Hg、Ho、K、La、Li、Ho、Mg、Mn、Mo、N、Na、Nb、Nd、Ni、P、Pb、Pr、Rb、S、Sb、Sc、Se、Si、Sm、Sr、Tb、Th、Tl、Tm、U、V、Y、Yb、Zn,其中的39项元素给出了标准值及不确定度,包括Ag、Al、As、B、Ba、Ca、Cd、Ce、Co、Cs、Cu、Dy、Er、Fe、Hg、K、Li、Mg、Mn、Mo、N、Na、Nd、Ni、P、Pb、Pr、Rb、S、Sb、Se、Si、Sm、Sr、Tb、Tl、Y、Yb、Zn;15项元素提供参考值,包括Be、Bi、Cr、Eu、Gd、Ge、Ho、Ho、La、Nb、Sc、Th、Tm、U、V。与原有GBW10010大米标准物质相比较,GBW10010a中As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Mo、Ni、Zn等重金属元素含量显著下降,其中Cd、Cu、Zn降幅较大,分别下降约39%、43%、38.7%,一定程度上反映了农田生态环境的改善。本批标准物质定值元素总数量增加了6项,新增定值元素Ag、Nb(Nb给出参考值),并且各项元素不确定度范围整体上有所缩小,如Al、Cd、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mo、Na、P、Pb、Se、Zn等对生物易有影响的重要元素,表明了地质分析测试方法技术的进步及定值水平的提高。本批标准物质定值元素涵盖了具有生物效应的大部分主微量元素,适用于农业生态环境地球化学调查与评价、生物样品测试、农产品质量与食品安全评价样品测试时的分析仪器校正、分析方法评价和分析质量监控等多个领域。  相似文献   
9.
Embankment slopes composed of spatially variable soils have a variety of different failure modes that are affected by the correlation distances of the material properties and the geometry and total length of the slope. This paper examines the reliability of soil slopes for embankments of different length and uses parallel computing to analyse very long embankments (up to 100 times the embankment height) for a clay soil characterised by a spatially varying undrained shear strength. Based on a series of analyses using the 3D random finite element method (RFEM), it is first shown that the reliability of slopes of various length can be efficiently computed by combining simple probability theory with a detailed 3D RFEM analysis of a representative shorter slope of length 10 times the slope height. RFEM predictions of reliability indices for longer slopes are then compared with results obtained using Vanmarcke's (1977a) simplified 3D method and Calle's (1985) extended 2D approach. It is shown that these methods can give significantly different results, depending on the horizontal scale of fluctuation relative to the slope length, with RFEM predicting a lower slope reliability than the Vanmarcke and Calle solutions in all cases. The differences in the solutions are evaluated and attributed to differences in the assumed and computed failure surface geometries.  相似文献   
10.
利用2009~2015年的GPS水平运动速度场数据,解算云南地区的地壳应变场,在红河断裂与曲江断裂选取两个GPS剖面,计算并分析两个断裂的应变积累特征。结果显示:1)红河、曲江、小江等多个主要断裂应变场存在张、压交替的时空演化特征,近期曲江断裂南段表现为东西向拉张,红河断裂北段东西向拉张量值较大,约12.0×10-8/a,云南南部主要表现为NNE向的压性变化;2)从GPS剖面看,红河、曲江断裂在两个方向上均显示右旋走滑与拉张的变化特征,从量值上看,红河断裂北段运动速率较大,约8.90 mm/a。  相似文献   
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